Bài giảng câu chủ động phần 3

I. Tóm tắt bài giảng
1. Bị động đặc biệt:
Một số động từ quy định: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, allege,
acknowledge, estimate, rumour, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce có thể dùng với một
trong hai cấu trúc sau:
 Cấu trúc 1:
It is/was + Past participle + that + clause
People say that he is 100 years old. => It is said that he is 100 years old.
People expect that the strike will end soon. => It is expected that the strike will end soon.
Everybody says that there is a secret tunnel between those two houses. => It is said that there is a
secret tunnel between those two houses.
Chú ý: Cấu trúc trên chỉ tương đương với câu chủ động có chủ ngữ số nhiều với nghĩa nói chung:
people, everybody…
 Cấu trúc 2:
Verb (1)
Be + V-ing (2)
S + Be + Past participle + to + Have + Past Participle (3)
Have been + V-ing (4)
 Dùng (1) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại đơn, hoặc tương lai đơn:
He is said to be 100 years old.
The strike is expected to end soon.
There is said to be a secret tunnel between those two houses.
People said that he was a dedicated worker. => He was said to be a dedicated worker.
 Dùng (2) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai
tiếp diễn:
They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain => The terrorists are thought to be hiding in
the mountain.
People believe that she is studying abroad. => She is believed to be studying abroad.
 Dùng (3) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành, hoặc quá khứ
đơn:
People say that he escaped to a neutral country => He is said to have escaped to a neutral country.
People think that she has made progress in her studies. => She is thought to have made progress in
her studies.
People allge that he stole the money. => He is alleged to have stolen the money.
 Dùng (4) khi động từ trong mệnh đề phụ được chia ở thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn, hoặc
tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn:
People say that he has been playing football since he was 5.=> He is said to have been playing
football since he was 5

Chú ý: Be supposed to ( do) có thể được dùng theo hai nghĩa sau:
1. Tương đương nghĩa với Be said to (do): “ Được cho rằng”
– This film is said/supposed to be very interesting.
– Why was he arrested? He was supposed to have kicked a policeman.
2. Để nói bổn phận hoặc nghĩa vụ ai đó phải làm gì tương đương với cấu trúc: It’s sb’s duty to do
sth
– It’s her duty to make tea at 8 o’clock. => She is supposed to make tea at 8 o’clock.
– It’s his duty to lock the door after the school finishes. => He is supposed to lock….
Chú ý: đôi khi was / were supposed to còn được dùng để nói một kế hoạch, sự sắp xếp nhưng
thường khác so với thức tế xảy ra:
– The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late.
– You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn’t you do it?
2. Passive gerund ( Danh động từ bị động)
Form: Being + Past participle
Present: being written /done/ made….
Past: having been written/done/ made….
Need to do : Cần làm ( nghĩa chủ động). Ví dụ: You need to work harder.
Need doing = need to be done : Cần được làm ( không có sự khác nhau khi dùng với vật)
– This car needs to be serviced / this car needs servicing.
– I need to clean my shirt because it needs cleaning/ to be cleaned.
Ở thê bị động, với người, chỉ dùng need to be done ( Không dùng need doing)
The old need to be looked after by the young. ( Không dùng need looking after)
Danh động từ bị động có các cách dùng như danh động từ chủ động ( trừ trường hợp cấu tạo danh từ
ghép). Ví dụ:
– I like people praising me => I like being praised.
– She hates people staring at her when she is in the street.
=> She hates being stared at when she is in the street.
– I remember that my father took me to the cinema to see that film.
=> I remember being taken to the cinema by my father to see that film.
– He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper.
– I remember being taken to Paris as a small child.
– I hate being told what to do. => I hate people telling me what to do.
– She is afraid of being taken away by the strong wind if she opens her parachute early.
– She is afraid of the strong wind taking her away…..
– He objected to his son being criticised unfairly. => He objected to people criticising his son unfairly
– He resented being kept waiting.=> He resented people keeping him waiting
– The safe showed no signs of having been touched.
3. Passive infinitive ( Nguyên mẫu bị động)
Form: To be + Past participle